HIPERTENSÃO ARTERIAL, DIABETES E INSUFICIÊNCIA CARDÍACA: RELATO DE CASO / HYPERTENSION, DIABETES AND HEART FAILURE: CASE REPORT

Caso clínico de homem de 66 anos, branco, casado, porteiro, com antecedentes pessoais de hipertensão arterial (HA) e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) diagnosticados há mais de tres anos e sem tratamento. Há dois anos teve infarto do miocárdio (IAM) por doença arterial coronária (DAC) e relatou cansaço aos grandes e moderados esforços. Desde então faz seguimento ambulatorial e tratamento da HA e do DM2 com medicações em doses otimizadas buscando-se sempre os alvos terapeuticos recomendados assim como de estatina potente e ácido acetil salicílico. Há aproximadamente um ano, teve o diagnóstico de doença arterial periférica (DAP) ao apresentar limitação por dor em membro inferior direito ao caminhar pequenas distâncias (100 m). Relatou cansaço progressivo até pequenos esforços há um ano e negou dispneia paroxística noturna, ortopneia e edemas. Na consulta ambulatorial, o quadro clínico foi caracterizado como insuficiência cardíaca (IC) e ao exame clínico a pressão arterial não estava controlada. Os exames laboratoriais solicitados mostraram que o diabetes e o perfil lipídico estavam fora das metas preconizadas. O ecocardiograma mostrou fração de ejeção reduzida. Foi associada medicação hipoglicemiante ao esquema terapêutico e feito ajuste da medicação anti-hipertensiva, o que resultou em melhores controles da HA, do DM2, além de melhora sintomática da IC. Foi reforçada a importância das medidas não farmacológicas, da aderência ao tratamento medicamentoso e um seguimento ambulatorial multiprofissional rigoroso está sendo realizado. Relatamos este caso, não pela sua raridade ou excepcionalidade, mas por tratar-se de sequência de eventos que frequentemente encontramos na nossa prática diária. Quando fatores de risco importantes como a HA e o DM2 são diagnosticados e tratados tardiamente a evolução é bastante desfavorável levando à progressão e agravamento da doença aterosclerótica e à IC

Clinical case of a 66-year-old white male, married, caretaker, with a personal history of arterial hypertension (AH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) diagnosed for more than three years and without treatment. Two years ago, he had a myocardial infarction (AMI) due to coronary artery disease (CAD) and reported fatigue on great and moderate efforts. Since then, he has been following up on an outpatient basis and treating AH and DM2 with medications at optimized doses, always seeking the recommended therapeutic targets, as well as a potent statin and acetylsalicylic acid. Approximately one year ago, he was diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) when he presented pain limitation in the right lower limb when walking short distances (100 m). He reported progressive tiredness to slight exertion for a year and denied paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea and edema. In the outpatient consultation, the clinical scenario was characterized as heart failure (HF) and on clinical examination, blood pressure was not controlled. The laboratory tests requested showed that diabetes and lipid profile were outside the recommended goals. The echocardiogram showed reduced ejection fraction. Hypoglycemic medication was associated with the therapeutic regimen and adjustments were made to the antihypertensive medication, which resulted in better control of AH and DM2, in addition to symptomatic improvement in HF. The importance of non-pharmacological measures, adherence to drug treatment, and strict multiprofessional outpatient follow-up was being carried out. We report this case, not because of its rarity or exceptionality, but because it is a sequence of events that we frequently encounter in our daily practice. When important risk factors such as AH and DM2 are diagnosed and treated late, the evolution is very unfavorable, leading to the progression and worsening of atherosclerotic disease and HF

Behavior of Blood Pressure Variables in Children and Adolescents with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

BACKGROUND: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-chromosome-linked genetic disorder (locus Xp21). Involvement of the cardiovascular system is characterized by fibrous degeneration/replacement of myocytes with consequent ventricular hypertrophy and arterial hypertension. OBJECTIVE: To assess, by using 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, the behavior of blood pressure variables in children and adolescents with a confirmed diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. METHODS: Prospective observational cohort study, which selected 46 patients followed up on an outpatient basis, divided according to age groups. Blood pressure was classified according to the age percentile. The monitoring interpretation includes systolic and diastolic blood pressure means, systolic and diastolic blood pressure loads, and nocturnal dipping. The blood pressure means were calculated for the 24-hour, wakefulness and sleep periods. Nocturnal dipping was defined as a drop in blood pressure means during sleep greater than 10%. The significance level adopted was p < 0.05. RESULTS: Nocturnal dipping for systolic blood pressure was present in 29.9% of the participants. Approximately 53% of them had attenuated nocturnal dipping, and 15%, reverse nocturnal dipping. The age groups of 9-11 years and 6-8 years had the greatest percentage of attenuation, 19.1% and 14.9%, respectively. Regarding diastolic blood pressure, nocturnal dipping was identified in 53.2% of the children, being extreme in 27.7% of those in the age group of 6-11 years. CONCLUSIONS: The early diagnosis of blood pressure changes can allow the appropriate and specific therapy, aimed at increasing the life expectancy of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Behavior of Blood Pressure Variables in Children and Adolescents with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy / Comportamento de Variáveis Pressóricas em Crianças e Adolescentes com Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne

Abstract Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-chromosome-linked genetic disorder (locus Xp21). Involvement of the cardiovascular system is characterized by fibrous degeneration/replacement of myocytes with consequent ventricular hypertrophy and arterial hypertension. Objective: To assess, by using 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, the behavior of blood pressure variables in children and adolescents with a confirmed diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Methods: Prospective observational cohort study, which selected 46 patients followed up on an outpatient basis, divided according to age groups. Blood pressure was classified according to the age percentile. The monitoring interpretation includes systolic and diastolic blood pressure means, systolic and diastolic blood pressure loads, and nocturnal dipping. The blood pressure means were calculated for the 24-hour, wakefulness and sleep periods. Nocturnal dipping was defined as a drop in blood pressure means during sleep greater than 10%. The significance level adopted was p < 0.05. Results: Nocturnal dipping for systolic blood pressure was present in 29.9% of the participants. Approximately 53% of them had attenuated nocturnal dipping, and 15%, reverse nocturnal dipping. The age groups of 9-11 years and 6-8 years had the greatest percentage of attenuation, 19.1% and 14.9%, respectively. Regarding diastolic blood pressure, nocturnal dipping was identified in 53.2% of the children, being extreme in 27.7% of those in the age group of 6-11 years. Conclusions: The early diagnosis of blood pressure changes can allow the appropriate and specific therapy, aimed at increasing the life expectancy of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Resumo Fundamento: A distrofia muscular de Duchenne é alteração genética determinada por alteração no braço curto do cromossomo X (locus Xp21). O envolvimento do sistema cardiovascular caracteriza-se por degeneração/substituição fibrótica dos miócitos com consequente hipertrofia ventricular e hipertensão arterial. Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento de variáveis pressóricas em crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico confirmado, pela monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial por 24 horas. Métodos: Estudo coorte prospectivo e observacional, com seleção de 46 pacientes em acompanhamento ambulatorial, agrupados por faixa etária. A classificação da pressão arterial deu-se conforme o percentil de idade. Na interpretação da monitorização, foram incluídas as médias de pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica, as cargas pressóricas sistólicas e diastólicas e o descenso do sono. As médias pressóricas foram calculadas para o período de 24 horas, vigília e sono. O descenso noturno foi definido como a queda maior que 10% para as médias durante o sono. O nível de significância adotado foi de p < 0,05. Resultados: O descenso noturno para a pressão sistólica esteve presente em 29,9%. Aproximadamente 53% dos participantes apresentaram descenso atenuado e 15%, descenso invertido. As faixas etárias 9 a 11 anos e 6 a 8 anos concentraram o maior percentual de atenuação do descenso, 19,1% e 14,9%, respectivamente. Para a pressão diastólica, o descenso esteve presente em 53,2%, e encontramos 27,7% com descenso acentuado na faixa etária de 6 a 11 anos. Conclusões: Considerando nossos achados, o diagnóstico precoce das anormalidades pressóricas pode ser ferramenta valiosa para a identificação e instalação de terapêutica apropriada visando aumento da sobrevida desses pacientes.